My name is Werner Herzog. You are just about to watch my new film Family Romance, LLC. I put “LLC” in the title because romance has become a business in Japan. The young entrepreneur in Tokyo, Yuichi Ishii, founded an agency that sends out rented missing friends who are family members for a big wedding, or in my case, he rents out an impostor who poses for a young girl as her father that she never met.
I think it was important. There was something big that I immediately sensed: where everything was fake, everything was done by impostors, everything was alive, everything was a performance, and yet the authenticity of emotions is always there. You can feel it right away. It is so intense that professional reviewers believed that the film must be a documentary, but of course it was all staged and written, rehearsed, and stylized.
I came across the subject through a young man, Roc Morin, a filmmaker. He was one of the students of my Rogue Film School, and he struck me as a fine filmmaker but also a very fine conceptual writer and thinker. He contacted me one day and said, “I came across something incredible: Family Romance.” I found it so big that I said to him, “You have to make a film.” He didn’t feel ready to make a feature film yet. (By the way, now he is doing his first feature film, which is very interesting. He is in the middle of the work.) Since he was hesitant, I somehow proposed, out of the blue, “Shouldn’t I do the film then?” and so we did it together now. He contributed a lot of content, a lot of dialogue. He speaks Japanese—not perfectly, but he speaks good Japanese. It was a wonderful collaboration, and a wonderful collaboration with the actors in the situation we created.
Normally it was not scripted like a perfect—let’s say—Hollywood screenplay where every sentence was written out. Only a few key sentences had to be there. All the rest of the dialogue the actors had to make up according to the situation. I would invent a situation and explain it very precisely to them through a very fine interpreter. When we were shooting, I did not want to listen in through a live translation of the dialogue because I was my own cinematographer. I have been cinematographer in some of my films before, and I said, “I should do the film as my own cinematographer.” Since I was so close to the actors, as the nearest one I could always sense that this was authentic or this was wonderful, and I would pick that take. You will see in the film some of the takes were never repeated. You can sense it, you can feel it—it’s just in one take. Not like in Hollywood with 100 different cuts and angles and a reverse shot and a shot from underneath and a shot from a helicopter and things like that. It is senseless. It is a very essential film.
In a way, I wanted to return to my early filmmaking, when I was a young man. I was very young when I did Aguirre, the Wrath of God, which was an adventure. Hardly any money. The screenplay was there, but as a filmmaker and as actors living on rafts and floating on rafts down an Amazon tributary, we could never tell what was coming after the next bend of the river: was there a village? Was there a waterfall? So I adapted the screenplay according to the situation, and in a way that was what happened in Family Romance, LLC.
This article is a transcript of a video introduction made by Werner Herzog for the MUBI premiere of Family Romance, LLC.
先前,一个小型沙龙n外国人拍的n关于日本的电影n在我的城市举办nn映后,一个文学院硕士n起身,叫喊着n小津安二郎被文德斯杀死了n我们不能去寻找!我n起身,叫喊着n去读读胡塞尔吧nn我很少和人谈起日本n因为蘑菇云的效果n总会发生在n少女逃逸的过程nn像是思绪总会被迫中断n总要停下来n喘口气 之后接着说nn其实n我并不了解日本n从未踏足的地n有人向我描绘n武藏野的黄昏与鸟n有人在那里n见过太宰治的坟nn有人拿酒瓶比划着n北野武究竟几个小老婆 n我却觉得n只有我去过那里nnn离开沙龙n文学硕士来找我n我说我也没读过n胡塞尔 n那是一哲学的同学推荐的n记得他说n现象学,很好看
当“家庭”和“公司”这两个词放在一起,也许我们会感到惊讶:情感,尤其是家人之间的情感,竟也可以作为一种商品,甚至产业化的东西存在。在荷索所拍的这部《家庭罗曼史有限公司》里,他关注了一家真实存在的公司,它出租雇员,扮演顾客的家人。这些雇员会参加顾客的毕业典礼、结婚仪式,或是单纯陪伴顾客,弥补他们对于某种亲情的缺失。
比如本片的主角,石井裕一,在片中,他被一位女士雇佣,扮演她女儿的爸爸,陪她聊天,出游,拍大头贴,看小动物,参加烟花大会。在现实中,他也是这家公司的创始人,在采访中,他提到,接到最多的申请,就是来自中年女性。她们要求他扮演父亲,陪伴她们的孩子。
情感产业的出现,意味着“公共领域”与“私人领域”之间的界限,正在不断被打破。一直以来,情感被划入私人领域(private)。亲情、爱情、友情,都应该是非公开的个人之间的连接。这些情感由亲密的私语开始,止于熟人之间的传播。然而商品交换,公司运营,广告宣传这些事,实属公共领域(public)的话题。比如这家公司,它有面向全社会的网站、报道、宣传、采访,甚至石井裕一本人,在参与了荷索的这部电影之后,也变成了一个略有知名度的公众人物。
当公共领域的“公司”,开始参与私人领域的情感,会发生什么样的效应呢?
《这么远 那么近》这首歌里,有这样一句歌词:“当我凝视我的脸,几亿人在爱恋。”或许是错误地挪用了这句歌词,但这个时代确实不缺少“大众情人”的存在:几亿人在电子屏幕上凝视一个明星,万千的私爱向一个人汇集,在这个过程中,情感逐渐变成了公共行为,也随之演化成为了明星产业。“大众情人”这个词,本身就代表私人与公共之间界限的打破,而石井裕一在做的,或许也可以被叫作“大众亲人”。
至于家庭罗曼史有限公司,虽然它的公共性达不到千万人量级,却因为更加实际性的接触,渗透进了更私人的领域。比如石井裕一先生,可以在同一个时段,扮演近十位孩子的父亲。
在公共和私人领域的交叠之处,往往会出现伦理道德问题。在片中,石井裕一对那对母女非常好,以致于最后那位女士提出,想和他一起组建真正的家庭。但他拒绝了。事实上,现实中石井裕一总共拒绝过约200次求婚(图1)。他也为家庭罗曼史有限公司制定了一系列职业守则,以维持一个伦理界限。比如与顾客的肢体接触,只能止步于握手(图2)。
如果深究这种一人对多人,又是彼此都清楚存在表演成分的情感关系,它其实是一种替代品,用来填补缺失的私人情感需求。缺少父爱的想补足父爱,缺少亲人的想寻求家人的陪伴。而要拥有这种替代品,不免会以公共领域的干预为代价。在公共领域的冲击下,钱财还算较轻微的代价的话,情感的真假难辨则是更大的代价。
一般来说,我们认为一个人在公共领域的表达,掺杂了更多的表演成分,而在私人领域,会趋向于真实。对于这家公司的雇员来说,顾客花钱买服务,他们是服务人员,扮演家人是他们的工作,而“工作”、“交易”这些词都意味着,他们所做之事,都是一个公共领域的表达。
然而这些表达,却实实在在地发生在私人领域,它们是为了构造一个情感关系而存在。
顾客一开始或许可以很清楚地分辨,那个人是来自公共领域的,和我这个私人领域不会有重合,我是顾客,他是服务者,我们遵守着一个理性的、界限分明的规则。但在开始提到的那个例子里,石井裕一为一位女生当了九年的租借爸爸,陪伴她渡过了青春期,他对那位女生产生的影响,已经不亚于她真正的亲人。在荷索这部电影中,那个叫mahiro的女孩子,同样越来越离不开这位租借爸爸,却不得不接受他的必然离开。
这种关系,或许比正常关系更遥远,却又比正常关系给人更亲近的抚慰。它有着一些无法解决的矛盾:当你从公共领域寻求帮助,解决私人情感的空缺,却还是要遵守公共领域的规则。而这个规则,极有可能不符合私人情感的生态。这种真假混淆带来的怀疑,乃至痛苦,就是公共对私人干预性帮助的代价。
而再细究怀疑的原因,我们不禁要问,到底是爱导致了陪伴,还是陪伴定义了爱?是因爱而在一起,还是在一起的过程才是爱?这其中的因果是否可以倒置?《蝙蝠侠》中有这样一句台词,"不是你本来如此,而是你的行为定义了你"。Butler也同样提出过表演(performativity)这个概念,她认为,一个人的行为、姿态、动作不仅是某种身份认同的结果,而更是它们的原因。
将这种思路换到情感关系上,以假拟真的结果,就是以假乱真。因为“真实”,不过是“拟真”这个动作不断堆砌的结果。当两个人不以真正的爱为出发点,却做了所有爱人应做的事,这又如何不算做一种爱呢?
况且,做一个更大胆的设想,自认为真正的爱,是不是也可能是表演。美剧《绝命毒师》里,Walter White本是一个温顺的高中化学老师,但他不甘于自己的才华被不幸的际遇所掩埋,走上了制毒的道路。到后来,他的人性也逐渐改变,他变得残暴,邪恶,杀人不眨眼。但他并不认为自己是个坏人,因为他找到了一个心理平衡点,就是“为了家庭”。他抱着自己的女儿,展示他制毒赚来的,高高摞起的钞票,他说:“爸爸赚的,爸爸为你赚的。”但同时,他又数次让家人陷入生死未卜的恐惧之中。他所谓的家人之爱,不过是通过表演达成的片刻的心理安慰,却在关键时刻又被人性打败。
情感关系的核心是人,情感商品化的实质,也是人的商品化。当我们把视角从顾客身上移开,去关注这些雇员的内心,会发现他们也很折磨。譬如,在荷索的这部电影中,最经典的一幕,即是石井裕一发现有一家酒店,人工智能完全替代了人的服务,甚至这家酒店的鱼缸里,都游着机械鱼。他盯着那座鱼缸,玻璃映照出他悲伤又洞明的眼睛。
虽然在那个场景里,没有任何旁白,但我斗胆附上一些荷索或许想提的问题:生命与非生命,到底有多远的距离?如果只差那一具灵魂,那当它不受控地生长出情感,是否是他服务的最大阻碍?因为相比非生命体的规律,强大,生命体好像更加脆弱,失控,混乱。而当所有人都在努力接近一个非生命体的强大和高效,正如他努力地抛掉个人情感,那人类作为一个生命体的价值,到底在哪里?
当未来某一天,这项工作已经不再需要人类,因为AI能更高效地、通过计算完成情感表演,并长时间地陪伴我们,而我们知道这是100%的表演,那我们由此产生的对AI的爱,也可以算作爱吗?
My name is Werner Herzog. You are just about to watch my new film Family Romance, LLC. I put “LLC” in the title because romance has become a business in Japan. The young entrepreneur in Tokyo, Yuichi Ishii, founded an agency that sends out rented missing friends who are family members for a big wedding, or in my case, he rents out an impostor who poses for a young girl as her father that she never met.
I think it was important. There was something big that I immediately sensed: where everything was fake, everything was done by impostors, everything was alive, everything was a performance, and yet the authenticity of emotions is always there. You can feel it right away. It is so intense that professional reviewers believed that the film must be a documentary, but of course it was all staged and written, rehearsed, and stylized.
I came across the subject through a young man, Roc Morin, a filmmaker. He was one of the students of my Rogue Film School, and he struck me as a fine filmmaker but also a very fine conceptual writer and thinker. He contacted me one day and said, “I came across something incredible: Family Romance.” I found it so big that I said to him, “You have to make a film.” He didn’t feel ready to make a feature film yet. (By the way, now he is doing his first feature film, which is very interesting. He is in the middle of the work.) Since he was hesitant, I somehow proposed, out of the blue, “Shouldn’t I do the film then?” and so we did it together now. He contributed a lot of content, a lot of dialogue. He speaks Japanese—not perfectly, but he speaks good Japanese. It was a wonderful collaboration, and a wonderful collaboration with the actors in the situation we created.
Normally it was not scripted like a perfect—let’s say—Hollywood screenplay where every sentence was written out. Only a few key sentences had to be there. All the rest of the dialogue the actors had to make up according to the situation. I would invent a situation and explain it very precisely to them through a very fine interpreter. When we were shooting, I did not want to listen in through a live translation of the dialogue because I was my own cinematographer. I have been cinematographer in some of my films before, and I said, “I should do the film as my own cinematographer.” Since I was so close to the actors, as the nearest one I could always sense that this was authentic or this was wonderful, and I would pick that take. You will see in the film some of the takes were never repeated. You can sense it, you can feel it—it’s just in one take. Not like in Hollywood with 100 different cuts and angles and a reverse shot and a shot from underneath and a shot from a helicopter and things like that. It is senseless. It is a very essential film.
In a way, I wanted to return to my early filmmaking, when I was a young man. I was very young when I did Aguirre, the Wrath of God, which was an adventure. Hardly any money. The screenplay was there, but as a filmmaker and as actors living on rafts and floating on rafts down an Amazon tributary, we could never tell what was coming after the next bend of the river: was there a village? Was there a waterfall? So I adapted the screenplay according to the situation, and in a way that was what happened in Family Romance, LLC.
This article is a transcript of a video introduction made by Werner Herzog for the MUBI premiere of Family Romance, LLC.
在欧盟影展上完成了对赫尔佐格电影的初体验,想不到观感是这般奇妙和矛盾。在有着浓重纪录片色彩的叙事背后,是一个较为简单的故事结构,而导演想借着第三人称的观察视角点出一些值得思考的东西。
由于在情感上没有过多的渲染,这里面的角色观看起来相对独立。
石井裕一由单纯的乙方逐渐变为走入客户的家庭以及情感体验的“替代者”,在进一步的“越界”边缘选择了克制,并对自己所处的关系网络产生怀疑,最后陷入不知如何面对自己家庭的痛苦。赫尔佐格将石井作为提出自己悲观看法的主要载体,也理所应当地增加了一些细节:
访问机器人旅馆时那段长长的机器鱼大特写,点缀着石井与机器人同框在鱼缸壁上的反射,让我们不禁思索他紧锁的眉头下是怎样的心态变化。自己所为一个在为不同阶级服务,扮演不同角色时填补客户的欲望与情感空缺的服务人员,与逼真的机器人有什么区别?它们也可以为人们提供服务,也可以在阳光明媚的下午问一声“您今天过得开心吗”,也可以用新奇的方式娱乐大家。独自体验殡葬服务,本不是客户要求,而石井却由于已渐渐走进这个家庭而主动导演起自己作为“父亲”的死亡事件,划定并恪守服务者的边界。一向以出售情感体验盈利的家庭罗曼史有限公司老板,这个时候反而突变成了主动获得体验的客户。
至此,石井逐渐让我们看到他矛盾的内心,但依然是旁观,导演无意直接讲述其精神与道德困境。无刀武士之梦,在失色后变得异常诡异。一切都是逢场作戏,就算是缺少了打斗中最重要的刀,梦中的武士依然可以杀人切腹,而古乐不停。难解的梦,亦是难解的心。美丽的少妇带他去见的灵媒,也是人的情感诉求的商业化体现。影片少有的将石井作为完全的旁观者进行叙事,但这其实是在审视自己。灵媒给建议时手机声响起,这似乎有些讽刺的一幕让他更为矛盾:看似充满魔力的中肯建议实际上也是为众多客户服务的一部分。直到最后他缓慢走近自己的房门,却被楚门式的担忧所困扰,蹲在门边,而在玻璃门后,是他的小孩模糊的双手与面容。与樱花树与晴空塔共享一个明媚的白天,而这里却是男主混沌的开始,影片也在这里结束。
而千寻作为另一个主要人物也在情节上不断推动男主的思绪变化。随着影片的进行,观众眼中的二人间情感随着向石井的篇幅倾斜不再如千寻与他拥抱,谈论暗恋男生和带黝黑的小朋友玩时一样动人,而在千寻角度的故事线中却是相反的。直到最后,女孩被淡化出视野,所以连她是否知道他不是自己的父亲一事也变得悬而未决。导演在结局处给足了开放的空间,亦如全片伪记录式的手法在人物情感上的点到为止,至于是否是由于浅尝辄止而破坏了原本巧妙地情节设置,每个人都会给出不同的答案。
人的情感能否被这种经济行为所代替。既然幻觉这么容易获得,那么情感的价值又怎么定义呢?
内容之外,赫尔佐格的独特拍摄手法意在将非虚构元素置于叙事语境下进行混合叙事。手持摄影虽看起来极为别扭,却帮助影像提高了生活的真实感,创造观众与叙事对象的距离感,是一场消除记录与表演边界的实验,尽量达到观察而不去判断的效果。此外,转场和“掉帧”慢镜头烘托氛围在我看来过于简陋,好在配乐中大提琴的轻柔张力增加了叙事中的宁静气氛。
如果说这是赫尔佐格的《迷失东京》,那便是一个德国人在日本以异乡人的眼光对于家庭罗曼史有限公司,抑或是日本社会,人类社会的情感需求中真假的悲观审视和怀疑吧。(7.0/10.0)
假象约等于美好的生活,在人工智能时代与一切时代。
——《家庭罗曼史有限公司》(Famliy Romance,Lld.),赫尔佐格,2019
只是这个名字就让我爱上它了——家庭罗曼史有限公司,宛若一则后资本主义时代的浪漫家庭神话。在这里,我们可以购买到一切所需,包括宝贵的爱。
漫步在它长的看不到头的电子货架上,下了单,从小缺少父爱的少女就可以选一个“爸爸”;没有人爱慕的骨灰级御宅男,也可以定制一个专属的甜心“女友”;孤独的空巢老人从此有了不时来探望的“子女”。这是一个金钱可以买到一切的世代,包括幸福或自我满足式的幸福。
在一个由人类孤独构筑起来的自慰世界,赫尔佐格选取了一种类AV式的风格去呈现这个关于人类孤寂无边的故事。 好多的场景可以让人轻而易举地联想起日本成人产业中那些故意拍得粗糙自然的伪偷拍AV:摇晃的手持摄影、直逼到脸上的猥亵构图(一种廉价堕落的亲密感)、贫血般的白桃调色·····你知道它是虚假的,就像这雇佣来的幸福。这似乎也是人类孤独观察者赫尔佐格为何选择在日本拍摄这个故事的缘由。在性产业异常发达的日本,一定埋藏着更高浓度的人类孤独。性源于孤独,异常活跃的伪性源于高出同类的侵蚀性孤独。有性瘾的现代日本,无疑是一个展现人类孤独的最好标本。
这是一种疾病,被当代人类所共有,我们几乎已经分不清网络时代的真与假,一切的界限都消失了。而这种现实感的隐遁还将因为人工智能时代的趋近愈演愈烈。或许总有一天,我们会如悲观的预言家赫尔佐格一样,也如片尾的石井先生一样,在某一个时刻,深刻地怀疑起磨砂玻璃门后的家人是否也是假的。
这部电影可以说是一部人类新时代的家庭片,他为这种传统的敦厚类型注入了一种科幻感,带着冰冷的商业逻辑和鱼贯的科技入侵。当后资本主义时代的资本逻辑入侵了人类伦理最后的堡垒,那才是异化的真正开始。赫尔佐格的判断带有他一贯的悲观主义,我们的孤独亘古无解,所以,早晚有一天会向这些投降的。只是按一个按钮就可以购买的温暖,即使是充满假象的温暖,为什么不呢?
就像真寻母亲在海崖上用没有接线的黑色电话机给亡夫拨打的那个电话,我们并不期待那一端的应答,一切都是自欺欺人。或许,假象约等于美好的生活,在人工智能时代与一切时代。
现在我开始怀疑,石井先生也是人工智能了,他和他的同僚又何机器人旅馆哪些随时准备给予人类假性幸福的机器人有什么不同呢?赫尔佐格用一个充满深意的镜头将鱼形机器人、人形机器人在鱼缸上的影子和石井在鱼缸上的投影并置在一起,似乎就是在提醒着这种同一性。暗自疯长的恐惧感已经降临在每个人的心灵。
赫尔佐格用众多的、甚至可以看作阶段性动态帷幕的航拍镜头,展现着遮蔽在这片天空上的巨大孤独。一开始我们以为这只是一个异国人士对日本溢于言表的偏爱,就像那些刻意展现出的日本传统文化的片段(开满樱花的代代木公园、武士道、手偶狮子舞、哑剧表演者、狐神、神谕),想要赋予这部电影一种风光片的质感。其实这是一种错觉,呼应了赫尔佐格的作者主题——孤独,你可以将这些航拍镜头看作是一种“神的俯视”。他在他的电影中,总是自诩为神的,这种硕大的自恋支撑着一部又一部人类孤独神话的制造。他俯视着人类的永恒孤寂,就像神悲悯而无动于衷的俯视一样。
选择少女真寻作为切入口,为这部孤独的电影增添了一种樱花色的人性温度,一个在婴儿时期就失去了父爱的女孩,她浑然不知眼前的父亲是母亲雇佣来的。他高大英俊,带给她缺失的男性温柔与思维,可以解答她恋爱的困惑,就像每一位称职的父亲那样。 这一单生意不像其他那样纯粹,所有当事人都入戏太深,已经接近违反家庭罗曼史有限公司经营原则的边缘。石井想着用一次“死亡”来为这个订单收尾,那位单亲母亲却已经邀请他入住她那个豪华却空荡荡的家了。 这是赫尔佐格为人类保有的一丝希望,在金钱可以购买一切的世代,我们还能分清真与假,还能守住人类伦理的底线。石井拒绝的,既是一种人类共同渴望的宝贵温度(毕竟这对商业父女已经开始彼此产生真心),又是一种人类共同的抵制。这个狭窄的切入点,却更像一个长着大嘴的黑洞,几乎要将我们吞进去了——神的孩子不爱孤独,但孤独从未放过他。
那个自从陪真寻游览代代木公园后开始的梦境持续地缠绕着石井,武士们不再用真的剑与戟,他们用无形的武器彼此攻击、切腹、同归于尽。这次,真与假混同了对方,一切不再重要了。而我,真的要被孤寂刺穿了。